Parasitic Diseases List

Introduction von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. 1,2 Despite this, VWD is one of the most commonly misdiagnosed or overlooked entities in everyday clinical practice. Of interest, VWD may be both over- and under-diagnosed, as well as misdiagnosed, either as another entity or as a different subtype of the disorder. This review will detail the causes underlying the diagnostic uncertainties overshadowing VWD and provide solutions on how to overcome these. von Willebrand Disease VWD was first described by Finnish physician Erik Adolf von Willebrand in 1926, following the presentation of a young girl with recurrent episodes of bleeding, which were clinically distinct from haemophilia. 3 VWD is caused by quantitative or qualitative deficiencies in a plasma protein now called von Willebrand factor (VWF). VWF is a large, complex protein that has essential roles in primary and secondary hemostasis. 4 High-molecular-weight VWF multimers mediate ...

A brain infection refers to an infection caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that affects the brain, spinal cord, or the surrounding area. Brain infections are serious and can be life-threatening. Infections and conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord can activate the immune system, leading to inflammation. These diseases and the resulting inflammation can produce a wide range of symptoms, including fever, headache, seizures, and changes in behavior or confusion. In extreme cases, they can result in brain damage, stroke, or even death. There are different types of brain infections, and each type has its own unique cause and treatment. Encephalitis refers to inflammation in the brain, and meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the spinal cord. Myelitis refers to inflammation of the spinal cord, and a brain abscess describes a collection of pus in the brain. Infections of the brain require eme...

A trip to the beach can be the perfect way to pass a summer's day. But as you search for a spot to place your towel, you should know you're not just sharing the sand with fellow beach lovers — you're sharing it with some pretty creepy critters, too. Although most microbes in the sand are harmless, some are linked with disease. Here are five types of pathogens found in sand. Hookworms Walking barefoot on a tropical beach may sound idyllic, but in some areas, you'll want to be wary of hookworms, which are parasites that can infect both people and animals. Some species of hookworm that typically infect cats and dogs can be transmitted to people through sand or contaminated soil, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This happens when infected animals defecate in sand or soil and pass hookworm eggs in their stool. People can then become infected if they walk barefoot or lie down on the infested sand or soil, the CDC says. Indeed, a Ca...

Significance Mitochondrial respiration is an ancient characteristic of eukaryotes. However, it was lost independently in multiple eukaryotic lineages as part of adaptations to an anaerobic lifestyle. We show that a similar adaptation occurred in a member of the Myxozoa, a large group of microscopic parasitic animals that are closely related to jellyfish and hydroids. Using deep sequencing approaches supported by microscopic observations, we present evidence that an animal has lost its mitochondrial genome. The myxozoan cells retain structures deemed mitochondrion-related organelles, but have lost genes related to aerobic respiration and mitochondrial genome replication. Our discovery shows that aerobic respiration, one of the most important metabolic pathways, is not ubiquitous among animals. Abstract Although aerobic respiration is a hallmark of eukaryotes, a few unicellular lineages, growing in hypoxic environments, have secondarily lost this ability. In the absence of oxygen, the mi...